João Felipe Nogueira Matias
Ceará Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development (FUNCAP), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
Alex da Silva Lobão de Souza
Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Pará (IFPA), Abaetetuba, PA, Brazil.
Raimundo Aderson Lobão de Souza
Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, PA, Brazil.
Breno Portilho de Sousa Maia
Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Bragança, PA, Brazil.
Marcos Ferreira Brabo
Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Bragança, PA, Brazil.
Alan Dias Pragana
Secretary of State for Agricultural and Fisheries Development (SEDAP), Belém, PA, Brazil.
Viviana Lisboa
viviana.lisboa.lisboa@gmail.com
Ceará Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development (FUNCAP), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
This production aimed to carry out a scientometric approach to research involving the cultivation of Epinephelus marginatus in Brazil from 2002 to 2022, using different virtual databases. Based on scientometrics, the data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to generate perspectives on the subject. We found 20 academic-scientific productions developed by authors in different parts of the country, with a predominance of dissertations, theses, and articles. The time distribution of the publications listed was sparse during the period analyzed, predominantly from the first decade of the period studied. All the manuscripts used in this research are freely accessible to the public, and the articles are the most cited. The published papers were categorized into six broad areas: Growth, Reproduction and Larviculture, Genetics, Economics, and others. The two most studied categories were Growth and Reproduction and Larviculture.
Keywords: Aquaculture; Groupers; Scientometrics; Brazil.
The serranids (Serranidae family, Epinephelinae subfamily) comprise 159 species distributed in 15 genera (Heemstra and Randall, 1993). They are widely distributed in tropical regions and subtropical coastal waters. Generally referred to as groupers, chernes, groupers, and whiting, they are generally fast-growing and resistant to handling, making them suitable for intensive farming systems. In addition, they have excellent characteristics for post-harvest processing, adding more value to the final product (Randall, 1987; Kohno et al., 1990; Heemstra, 1991; Heemstra and Randall, 1993; APEC/SEAFDEC, 2001).
Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) has been widely studied from a scientific perspective. Many scientific approaches exist to understanding this species' biology, ecology, and behavior. Study of reproductive biology, including sexual maturation, spawning, fecundity, fertilization, and analysis of diets and feeding behavior, are among the most widely used approaches (Chua and Teng, 1977; Chen and Chen, 1987; Chauvet, 1988; Tseng and Ho, 1988; Yen, 1988; Yen and Lim, 1988b; Skaramuca et al., 1989; Castello et al., 1992; Leong, 1993; Ruangpanit and Yashiro, 1995; Spedicato et al., 1995; Chao and Chow, 1996; Gracia, 1996; Zabala et al., 1997a; Zabala et al., 1997b; Glamuzina et al., 1998a; Glamuzina et al., 1998b; Glamuzina et al., 1998c). According to Main and Rosenfeld (1995), most of the studies conducted on serranids are from a biological standpoint rather than a cultivation one.
Groupers can have different growth rates depending on the environmental conditions of their habitat. Wild grouper reaches 400 g in approximately two years (Manooch and Haimovici, 1978; Bruslé, 1985; Salazar and Sanchez, 1992). Therefore, the growth of wild grouper can be considered slow for aquaculture purposes, but the right farming conditions and management of physical parameters, together with knowledge of nutritional needs, can be the key to achieving faster growth.
Its cultivation began in Asia, more precisely in the countries of Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Taiwan in the early 1970s, where cultivation has been performed in small and medium-sized net tanks ranging from 8m3 to 18m3, usually in sheltered coastal regions, in areas where there are fishing villages, and is traditionally carried out by small and medium-sized producers (APEC/SEAFDEC, 2001).
In Brazil, the cultivation of the Epinephelus marginatus species has been boosted by several factors, such as the reduction in its supply through capture fishing and its economic importance, as it is a noble and highly prized fish with high market prices. Another factor worth mentioning is that Epinephelus marginatus is a species on the list of threatened fish species (Bern Convention, Annex 3 - Protocol for Mediterranean Biodiversity) and has been on the Red List of the International Union for Nature Conservation and Natural Resources since 1995 (Marino et al., 2003). The Brazilian Ministry of the Environment Ordinance No. 445/2014 (IBAMA, 2014) prohibits fishing for grouper because it is on the list of overexploited species of threatened marine fish (Rodrigues et al., 2009). As such, the cultivation of Epinephelus marginatus, in addition to being identified as a potential candidate for leading marine fish farming in Brazil, also appears to be a promising alternative for protecting the natural stocks of this already threatened fish.
This study aims to review and survey the main studies involving the cultivation of Epinephelus marginatus and to analyze the lines of study of the leading publications over the last 20 years in Brazil.
In the scientometric study, this research aimed to evaluate various types of academic production (dissertations, theses, articles, and papers published in the proceedings of national and international events) from 2002 to 2022. The bibliographic survey was carried out via the World Wide Web, using the Science Direct, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Google Scholar databases. The descriptors used were "Cultivation of Epinephelus marginatus" in Portuguese, English, and Spanish.
The selection criteria were those that directly explained the related topic and/or words linked to the stages of crop management in the descriptor in the title, abstract, and/or keywords in the three languages mentioned above. As for the exclusion criteria, dossiers, scientific notes, review articles, book chapters, and books were not considered. The latter was disregarded mainly because of the difficulty of accessing printed versions.
After selecting the works that fit the pre-established criteria, a screening was carried out to exclude repeated material. The following information was analyzed: a) production type; b) region to which the research site belongs; c) academic-scientific institution and the region where it is located (considering the link of the first author of the manuscript); d) year of publication; e) number of citations of each work listed, using the "cited by" option of Google Scholar; f) scientific journals; g) type of access of the manuscript to the public (open or closed); and h) research areas.
The quantitative data was analyzed descriptively and represented in charts, graphs, and tables. For the study's perspectives, information from the literature was analyzed qualitatively to generate a theoretical framework related to future academic, scientific, and political approaches in this field of research.
From 2002 to 2022, 20 national academic-scientific productions, including 2 short notes, 1 abstract, 3 master's dissertations, 4 doctoral theses, and 10 scientific articles, were analyzed. In the scenario examined based on Figure 1, it was found that studies on this approach are still not very significant in number, with the Southeast region of Brazil receiving the most attention from research institutions (6) and having the highest number of bibliographic productions (13), with the Fishing Institute standing out with seven productions, and the state of São Paulo concentrating all the research institutions focused on the area of E. marginatus cultivation in the region. In the northern region of the country, three institutions have published on the study topic, including an international partnership (IFAM x the University of Messina, Italy). In the south of the country, only the Federal University of Santa Catarina has published on the cultivation of E. marginatus (Table 1). Despite the great coastal potential and the large number of research institutions, until this study, the northeastern region had no publications on the cultivation of E. marginatus.
During the stipulated period, it was found that the time distribution (in years) of the manuscripts found on the subject was sparse, with a predominance in the first decade of the period, in which 11 manuscripts were carried out, with the year 2008 standing out with four works, while between one and two works were found in the other years (Figure 2). In this regard, it can be inferred that research has some circumstances that can be considered essential for generating the intended knowledge, which can influence the number of publications over the years, such as the time taken to develop such studies (Zago, 2018), including the publication of such research in scientific journals.
Articles were the most cited among the citations, possibly because this type of production is more credible than TCCs (undergraduate final project), dissertations, theses, and papers published in event proceedings (Table 1).
The works by Sanches et al. (2006) and Roumbedakis et al. (2013) had the highest number of citations (35 and 24, respectively), while the others ranged from none to just under two dozen citations, as shown in Table 1.
It is worth reiterating that all the publications analyzed were open to the public. In this context, we highlight that the most cited work (Sanches et al., 2006) was the pioneer in the country, thus opening up a series of possibilities and questions for further studies in Brazil.
Regarding the authorship composition of the papers, there were between one and eight authors in the articles, unlike the dissertations and theses, in which one author typically predominates (Table 2). On the other hand, articles usually require a higher number of authors because, in addition to the main author, there is usually the collaboration of the supervisor(s) and members of a research group, among others. The productions analyzed included only one (1) paper with only one author in a direct count analysis (contribution only by the main authors); this is called a transient producer, i.e., an author who publishes once or twice a year on the topic analyzed, according to the Scienciometrics perspective (Urbizagastegui, 2009). In this respect, it can be inferred that although a small number of authors have collaborated in this line of research, they are predominantly beginners in the subject (Alvarado, 2009). Among all the productions analyzed, one (1) paper had 13 authors, and it was a short communication, which, under analysis, may be due to the large number of undergraduate students involved in the authorship.
The publications were analyzed and divided into six groups according to the type of research related to the cultivation of E. marginatus: economics, growth, diseases, reproduction and larviculture, genetics, and others (Figure 3). The most representative groups were growth and reproduction and larviculture, with 30% of the publications each, followed by diseases, with 20%, and genetics, with 10%.
The main prospects for rearing Epinephelus marginatus in Brazil include studies on nutrition, reproduction, and larviculture. Despite being a new species in the Brazilian aquaculture species chart and with a technological cultivation package that is still under development, cultivation experiences in Brazil have shown great promise (Manooch and Haimovici, 1978; Bruslé, 1985; Salazar and Sanchez, 1992; APEC/SEAFDEC, 2001), not to mention its natural occurrence, which extends from practically the entire Brazilian coast to Argentine Patagonia (Figueiredo and Menezes, 1980; Irigoyen et al., 2005; Condini et al., 2013).
In the north of Brazil, there are reports of Epinephelus marginatus during the Amazonian dry season, when salinity increases in estuarine waters, which is already a reason to study the cultivation of the species in Amazonian waters. It is worth noting that Epinephelus marginatus is a species that has been on the International Union for Nature Conservation's Red List of Threatened Animals since 1995 (Marino et al., 2003). Encouraging its cultivation, which is much more than stimulating marine fish farming in the country, is a way to mitigate these impacts on natural populations. Thus, breeding the goliath grouper needs to be boosted by reducing the supply of capture fishing and its economic relevance since it is considered a noble and highly prized fish with high market values.
Brazilian marine fish farming has yet to play a prominent role in the national aquaculture scene, and Epinephelus marginatus could be a major player in this role. In this sense, more research is needed to develop effective farming techniques as well as more accurate information on nutrition, reproduction, and nursery.
Few studies on the cultivation of Epinephelus marginatus in Brazil between 2002 and 2022 were published on the internet. Those found had a very sparse publication frequency during the search period, ranging from abstracts published in event proceedings to theses. The articles were the most published and cited by other authors, perhaps due to the greater degree of scientific credibility and free access to the manuscript. In general, research was primarily concentrated in the first decade of the 21st century, focused on the Southeast region, reaffirming it as a major hub of information on the cultivation of E. marginatus. However, regions in the south and north of the country have also published on the subject.
Alvarado, R.U. (2009), “Elitismo na literatura sobre a produtividade dos autores”, Ciência da Informação, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 69-79.
APEC/SEAFDEC (2001), Husbandry and Health Management of Grouper, APEC, Singapore and SEAFDEC, Iloilo, Philippines.
Aride, P.H.R., Gomes, M.F.S., Azevedo, D.G., Sangali, G.R., Silva, A.C.F., Lavander, H.D., Souza, A.B., Polese, M.F., Mattos, D.C., Bassul, L.A., Cardoso, L.D., Oliveira, A.T., Faggio, C. (2021), “Dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus growth and survival when exposed to different photoperiods”, Fishes, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 31.
Bruslé, J. (1985), Exposé synoptique des données biologiques sur les mérous Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 1809) et Epinephelus guaza (Linnaeus, 1758) de l'océan atlantique et de la méditerranée, FAO, Roma.
Castelló, F., Fernández A., Laurado, F.L., Viñas, R. (1992), “Effect of different types of food on growth in captive grouper (Epinephelus guaza, L.)”, Marine Life, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 57-62.
Chao, T.M., Chow, M. (1996), “Grouper culture and a review of the grouper breeding programmer in Singapore”, artigo apresentado a NACA Workshop on Aquaculture of Coral Reef Fishes and Sustainable Reef Fisheries, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 4-8 dec. 1996.
Chauvet, C. (1988), “Étude de la croissance du mérou Epinephelus guaza (Linné, 1758) des côtes tunisiennes”, Aquatic Living Resources, Vol. 1, pp. 277-288.
Chen, T.F., Chen, L.L. (1987), “The experiment for the development of artificial diet for the grouper, E. sqlmoides_”, _Penhu Fisheries Research Institute Report, Vol. 7, pp. 48-62.
Chua, T.E., Teng, S.K. (1977), “Floating fishpens for rearing fishes in coastal waters, reservoir and running pools in Malaysia”, Fisheries Bulletin, No. 20.
Coelho, R.T.I. (2021), Desenvolvendo a aquicultura de espécies de peixes e camarões marinhos no Brasil: alguns aspectos práticos e mais urgentes da alimentação e nutrição durante a engorda do camarão-branco-do-pacífico (Litopenaeus vannamei) e da garoupa-verdadeira (Epinephelus marginatus), Tese de Dotorado em Ciências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
Condini, M.V., Fávaro, L.F., Varela Jr., A.S., Garcia, A.M. (2013), “Reproductive biology of the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) at the southern limit of its distribution in the south-western Atlantic”, Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 142-152.
Engrácia Filho, J. R., Shimada, M. T., Yunis-Aguinaga, J., Ramos-Espinoza, F. C., Moraes, F. R., Moraes, J. R. E. (2018), “Deformities in reared cobia, Rachycentron canadum L. and grouper, Epinephelus marginatus, in São Paulo state coast, Brazil: case report”, Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Vol. 70, pp. 1565-1568.
Figueiredo, J.L., Menezes, N.A. (1980), Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil: II telestei (2), Museu de Zoologia/Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
Figueiredo, J.L. (1977), Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil: I. introdução. cações, raias e quimeras, Museu de Zoologia/Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
Garcia, C.E.O. (2012), Perfil dos esteroides gonadais e expressão dos hormônios folículo estimulante (FSH) e luteinizante (LH) durante a inversão sexual de Epinephelus marginatus (Teleostei: Serranidae), hermafrodita protogínico, utilizando-se inibidor de aromatase, Tese de Doutorado em Ciências na área de Fisiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
Glamuzina, B., Glavi, N., Ko Ul, V., Skaramuka, B. (1998b), “Induced sex reversal of the dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834)”, Aquaculture Research, Vol. 29, pp. 563-568.
Glamuzina, B., Skaramuka, B., Glavi, N., Ko Ul, V., Duli, J., Kraljevi, M. (1998c), “Egg and early larval development of laboratory reared dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) (Pisces, Serranidae)”, Scientia Marina, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp.373-378.
Glamuzina, B., Skaramuca, B., Glavić, N., Kožul, V. (1998a), “Preliminary studies on reproduction and early life stages in rearing trials with dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834)”, Aquaculture Research, Vol. 29, No. 10, pp. 769–771.
Gracia, V., (1996), Estudio de la biología y posibilidades de cultivo de diferentes especies del género Epinephelus, Tese de Doutorado em Biologia, Universidade de Barcelona, Barcelona, Espanha.
Heemstra, P.C., Randall, J.E. (1993), Groupers of the World (Family: Serannidae, Subfamily: Epinephelinae), Vol. 16, No. 125, FAO Species Catalogue, FAO Fisheries Synopsis, Rome.
Heemstra, P.C. (1991), “A taxonomic revision of the Eastern Atlantic groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)”, Biological Museum Mun. Funchal, Vol. 43, pp. 5-71.
Irigoyen, A.J., Galván, D.E., Venerus, L.A. (2005), “Occurrence of dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) in gulfs of northern Patagonia, Argentina”, Journal of Fish Biology, Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 1741-1745.
Kerber, C.E., Silva, H.K.A., Santos, P.A., Sanches, E.G. (2012), “Reproduction and larviculture of dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe 1834) in Brazil, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B, Vol. 2(2B), pp. 229.
Kohno, H., Duray, M., Sunyoto, P. (1990), A field guide to groupers of southeast Asia, Central Research Institute for Fisheries and Japan International Cooperative Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia, 26 p.
Leong, T.S. (1998), “Grouper Culture”, in Sena, S. de S. (ed.), Tropical mariculture, Academic Press, Australia.
Main, K.L., Rosenfeld, C. (1995), Aquaculture health management strategies for marine fishes, The Oceanic Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 9-13.
Manooch, C.S., Haimovici, M. (1978), “Age and growth of the gag, Mycteroperca microlepis, and size-age composition of the recreational catch off the southeastern United States”, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 234-240.
Marino, G., Panini, E., Longobardi, A., Mandich, A., Finoia, M.G., Zohar, Y., Mylonas, C.C. (2003), “Induction of ovulation in captive-reared dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), with a sustained-release GnRHa implant”, Aquaculture, Vol. 219, pp. 841–858.
Mota, F.P., Vaini, J.O., Hilsdorf, A.W.S. (2018), “Variabilidade de Epinephelus marginatus em Sistema de cultivo”, Revista Científica UMC, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 1-3.
Ramos, F.M., Sanches, E.G., Fujimoto, R.Y., Cottens, K.F., Cerqueira, V.R. (2012), “Crescimento de juvenis da garoupa-verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus submetidos a diferentes dietas”, Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 81-88.
Ramos, K.R. (2011), Variação sazonal dos parâmetros parasitológicos e hematológicos da garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) (Teleostei: Serranidae) selvagem e cultivada em Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil, Dissertação de Mestrado em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.
Randall, J.E., Heemstra, P.C. (1991), Revision of indo-pacific groupers (Percifurmes: Serranidae: Epinephelinae) with descriptions of five new species, Vol. 20, Bernice Panahi Bishop-Museum, Hawaii, Indo-Pacific Fishes Series.
Randall, J.E. (1987), “A preliminary synopsis of the groupers (Perciformes: Seryanidae: Epinephelinae) of the Indo-Pacific region” in J.J. Polovina, S. Ralston (ed.), Tropical Snappers and Groupers: Biology and fisheries management, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
Rodrigues Filho, J.A. (2016), Perfil hormonal durante o ciclo reprodutivo e reprodução induzida da garoupa verdadeira (Epinephelus marginatus) (Teleostei: Serranidae) em cativeiro, Tese de Doutorado em Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo.
Rodrigues-Filho, J.A., Sanches, E.G., Garcia, C.E.O., Sebastini, E.F., Pannuti, C.V., Moreira, R.G. (2009), “Threatened fishes of the world: Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) (Serranidae: Epinephelinae)”, Environmental Biology of Fishes, Vol. 85, pp. 301–302.
Roumbedakis, K., Marchiori, N.C., Paseto, Á., Gonçalves, E.L.T., Luque, J.L., Cepeda, P.B., Sanches, E.G., Martins, M.L. (2013), “Parasite fauna of wild and cultured dusky-grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) from Ubatuba, southeastern Brazil, Brazilian Journal of Biology, Vol. 73, pp. 871-878.
Ruangpanit, N., Yashiro, R. (1995), “A review of grouper (Epinephelus spp.) and seabass (Lates calcarifer) culture” in Main, K.L, Rosenfeld, C. (ed.), Culture of high-value marine fishes in Asia and the United States, The Oceanic Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, pp. 167-183.
Salazar-Ruiz, A., Sánchez-Chávez, J.A. (1992), “Aspectos biológico pesqueros del mero Epinephelus morio de la flota artesanal de las costas de Yucatán, México”, artigo apresentado no 41st Gulf and Caribbean, Fisheries Institute, Mérida, Yucatàn, México, pp. 422-430.
Sanches, E.G. (2008a), “Controle de Neobenedenia melleni (MacCallum, 1927) (Monogenea: Capsalidae) em garoupa-verdadeira, Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), cultivada em tanques-rede”, Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, Vol. 17, pp. 145-149.
Sanches, E.G. (2008b), Indução da inversão sexual da garoupa-verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) (Teleostei, Serranidae) com o uso de hormônio masculinizante e crioconservação do sêmen, Dissertação de Mestrado em Aquicultura e Pesca, Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo.
Sanches, E.G., Costa, S.F., Leite, J.R., Silva, P.K.A., Kerber, C.E., Santos, P.A. (2014), “A incorporação de óleo de peixe na dieta pode melhorar o desempenho da garoupa-verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus?”, Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 147-155.
Sanches, E.G., Rocha Oliveira, I., Serralheiro, P.C.S. (2008), “Crioconservação do sêmen da garoupa-verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus, Bioikos - Título Não-Corrente, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 81-90.
Sanches, E.G., Azevedo, V.G., Costa, M.R. (2007), “Criação da garoupa-verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) (Teleostei, Serranidae) alimentada com rejeito de pesca e ração úmida em tanques-rede”, Revista Atlântica (Rio Grande), Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 121-126.
Sanches, E.G., Henriques, M.B., Fagundes, L., Silva, A.A. (2006), “Viabilidade econômica do cultivo da garoupa-verdadeira (Epinephelus marginatus) em tanques-rede, região Sudeste do Brasil”, Informações Econômicas, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 15-25.
Silva, F.C., Kuhnen, V.V., Sanches, E.G. (2018), “Refrigeração do sêmen da garoupa-verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus_”, _Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Vol. 70, pp. 1557-1564.
Skaramuca, B., Musin, D., Onofri, V., Cari, M. (1989), “A contribution to the knowledge on the spawning time of the dusky grouper (Epinephelus guaza L.), Journal of Ichthyologia, Vol. 21, No.1, pp. 79-85.
Soares, M., Sousa, D.N., Evangelista, D.K.R. (2022), “Análise de notícias publicadas na mídia sobre a garoupa-verdadeira (Epinephelus marginatus)”, Research, Society and Development, Vol. 11, No. 2.
Souza, R.A.R. (2012), Interação de limpeza entre o neon gobi Elacatinus figaro cultivado e a garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus e seu efeito no controle de Neobenedenia melleni, Dissertação de Mestrado em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.
Souza, R.A.R.D. (2010), Interação de limpeza entre o neon gobi Elacatinus figaro cultivado e a garoupa verdadeira Epinephelus marginatus e seu efeito no controle de Neobenedenia melleni, Dissertação de Mestrado em Aquicultura, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.
Spedicato, M.T., Lembo, G., Di Marco, P., Marino, G. (1995), “Preliminary results in the breeding of dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), _Cahiers Options Mediterraneennes_”, Vol. 16, pp. 131-148.
Tarôco, G. (2021), Criação da garoupa-verdadeira (Epinephelus marginatus) no Brasil: aspectos produtivos e parâmetros genéticos, Tese de Doutorado em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais.
Tseng, W.Y., Ho, S.K. (1988), Grouper Culture: a practical manual, Chien Cheng, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 134 p.
Urbizagastegui, R. (2009), “A frente de pesquisa na literatura sobre a produtividade dos autores”, Encontros Bibli: Revista Eletrônica de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação, Vol. 14, No. 28, pp. 38-56.
Yen, J.L., Lim, K.J. (1988b), General introduction to grouper culture, Modern Fishery, Academic Press, Australia, pp. 17-21.
Yen, J.L. (1988), High-value marine fish culture of Sparus sarba, Acanthopagrus major and Epinephelus spp, Modern Fishery, Academic Press, Australia, pp. 22-23.
Zabala, M., García-Rubies, A., Louisy, P., Sala, E. (1997a), “Spawning behavior of the Mediterranean dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) (Pisces, Serranidae) in the Medes Islands Marine Reserve (NW Mediterranean, Spain)”, Scientia Marina, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 65-77.
Zabala, M., Louisy, P., García-rubies, A., Gracia V. (1997b), “Socio-behavioural context of reproduction in the Mediterranean dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) (Pisces, Serranidae) in the Medes Islands Marine Reserve (NW Mediterranean, Spain)”, Scientia Marina, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 79-89.
Zago, L.D.M.S. (2018), “Vinte e dois anos de pesquisa sobre plantas medicinais: uma análise cienciométrica”, Revista Tecnia, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 157-173.
Received: July 18, 2023
Aprovado: November 20, 2023
DOI: 10.20985/1980-5160.2023.v18n3.1891
How to cite: Matias, J.F.N., Souza, A.S.L., Souza, R.A.L., Maia, B.P.S., Brabo, M.F., Pragana, A.D., Lisboa, V. (2023). The cultivation of Epinephelus marginatus (Iowe, 1834) in Brazil: a scientometric approach and study prospects. Revista S&G 18, 3. https://revistasg.emnuvens.com.br/sg/article/view/1891